The Negative Side of Copyright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Negative Side of Copyright - Essay Example Copyright security just empowers the designer of programming to dissuade the software’s duplicating or replicating of the source code. Programming copyright doesn't give assurance against the replicating of any procedure, strategy for activity, technique, framework, standard, revelation, or idea in the product. Notwithstanding that, product copyright doesn't give any guarantee against free improvement of programming of the like. A larger part of the product items can't address the assortment of prerequisites set out to get expansive assurance that the patent law can bear. Most utilizations of programming patent face issues in view of the necessity for the creation to be not evident and be new. By the by, this prerequisite aides in the process investigating if or not an individual should seek after copyright assurance or patent. â€Å"because copyrights secure the execution (the real code) yet not the idea, copyrights don't keep somebody from actualizing a calculation in an al ternate programming language or with an alternate arrangement of schedules, for instance, offering practically no assurance for something as intricate and adaptable as software† (Zeidman, 2011, p. 93). The look and feel of programming add up to conduct and in this way copyright ought not be utilized to secure them in programming; the Computer Law Review Committee (CLRC) didn't suggest extra assurance structures for the presentations on screen (Lai, 2000, p. 66). While programming copyright has forced a scope of blocks and obstacles in the method of advancement and spread of information, free programming has created a great deal of advantages. On the mechanical side, free programming makes way for open source ventures. One of its key models is the advancement of Linux as the working framework wherein elements of the free programming development fill in as pre-essential for the open source programming. Linux couldn't have been created and embraced as successfully without free programming as it has

Foreign Policy Dilemma of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International strategy Dilemma of China - Essay Example A portion of the pioneers progressed in the direction of the accomplishment of another world request, be that as it may, others attempted to be lined up with global nations towards the race of innovation. By and large, China depicts its picture as a serene country with no forceful points, yet inspired by consistent turn of events and development monetarily, socially, mechanically and carefully. The nation means to advance and be viewed as an extraordinary force. It respects its sway and country solidarity over every single other goal. This paper examines the issues in Chinese international strategy in managing different nations and framing universal relations. There have been numerous significant changes in the international strategy of China, which can be seen by following the most recent fifty years. The adjustments in authority realized changes in the international strategy, for example, the administration of Mao Zedong to the administration of Deng Xiaoping were very differentiating. To the extent the international strategy of Mao Zedong is thought of, it was historic and was expected for another world request. Vulnerable War, Zedong’s government was discretionary in moving of late independent conditions of Africa and Asia that had a place with the underdeveloped nations. Nonetheless, a considerable lot of the Chinese chiefs were against the Zedong’s policing, as they respected that China ought to stick to the principles of sovereign states and ought not barge in their undertakings. Regardless of this battle, Chinese international strategy exposed War was more towards ‘ideological militancy’ and sponsored ext remist Asian and African countries1. With the administration of Deng Xiaoping, the international strategy of the last chief was dismissed completely. According to his discretion, Chinese ‘external relations’ were required to be standardized. The new international strategy disregarded previously grew close binds with creating nations and proposed to make close binds with modern nations to acquire the externalized supplies of ‘capital andâ technology’ for Chinese needs. In the wake of Xiaoping's financial changes, Chinese international strategy expected for interior modernization with the help of outside sources.

Century Free Essays

The fourteenth century was definitely not wonderful for the individuals living In Europe at that point. There were such huge numbers of elements and conditions that at last helped prepare for the Renaissance. I will concentrate on the key impacts during this period that added to the improvement of this â€Å"rebirth†. We will compose a custom paper test on Century or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now The most critical effect that you should address directly off the bat Is, the Black Death. With the plague clearing out about 33% of Rupee’s populace, this calamity prompted numerous monetary, political, social, ideological, and social changes. Before diving into subtleties of contentions of the medieval times, I think it is critical to realize that In the start of the fourteenth century the medieval warm period had finished which brought about a â€Å"little Ice age†. The atmosphere had gotten colder and the farmland was turning out to be less prolific due to soil agitation from ages utilizing a similar land. The Malthusian Crisis was an expectation that at last became trueâ€the populace of Europe had gotten excessively huge and there wasn’t enough accessible assets. Appetite and starvation caused a major spike in the passing rate and as things were beginning looking entirely dismal, at that point comes the plague.. The Black Death is accepted to have shown up in Europe via ocean in October 1347 when Genomes exchanging ships docked at the Sicilian port of Messing after a long excursion adrift (the pathogen Yearly’s Pestles probably conveyed In certain Infected rodents had transmitted the sickness). Individuals prepared to welcome the boats were stunned to see a lot of dead and sick mariners. It didn’t look great at all. The casualties indicated weird dark, overflowing swellings about the size of an egg or an apple In the armpits and crotch, Before anybody could attempt to isolate the wiped out, it was too ate. Shippers and marmots would help spread this savage infection, making nobody have any thought knew where it was coming from or why it was going on. It is accepted that since the plague spread so rapidly, the disease needed to airborne which was the greatest Issue. When the ailment arrived at the lungs of the malnourished, It was then spread to the more extensive populace through wheezes and hacks. The wiped out endured serious torment and kicked the bucket rapidly inside five days of the primary indications. Pneumonia plague which focused your respiratory framework would slaughter 95% of individuals inside 2 says, and If you were said to have doubt plague, your circulatory system Is straightforwardly Infected leaving you with no possibility. Before you know It, memorial parks all through Europe were topping off and towns needed to make mass entombment pits to help free the dead bodies. It got to the meaningful part where it was fundamentally viewed as customary to cover a relative regularly. Every one of these issues alongside disarray, drove individuals to begin addressing life and what they did to merit this. The shopping center inquiry the plague had everybody posing to themselves was, the reason would we say we are being rebuffed by god? Since the congregation was forever their lone answer, residents required another response. Before the Black Death hit Europe, practically all things including components of every day life, were affected by the congregation. In medieval occasions the most Important thing was that the congregation had consistently told individuals directly from wrong. Since the great beyond was made a decision about more significantly than ones real lifetime, it was viewed as 1 OFF salvation. An outcome from that were the Flagellants. Flagellants started as an aggressor journey for strict fanatics who exhibited their strict energy and should self-discipline for their wrongdoings by enthusiastically whipping themselves out in the open as showcases of atonement. Who in their correct psyche would even do that? As the Black Death is assuming control over, the general population trusted it to be a discipline from God and now they need to pay. Conditions were terrible to the point that they felt as though moving in the direction of the congregation for help as they generally do, was no expectation. How might they discover an answer when even the clerics and ministers were dropping dead like flies from the plague as well!? So it couldn’t be that God was frantic at the overall population, anyway more explicitly distraught at the congregation. Consequently, the Catholic Church lost a great deal of its impact and for some individuals, their perspective on the world changed fundamentally. The Italian promontory (for the most part Florence toward the start) was practically the focal point of the more up to date learning at the time since they had riches, religion, and numerous anxious individuals prepared to quit living carefully everything by the congregation. Francesco Patriarch (1304-1374) lived in Avignon, which was a worldwide network of legal counselors and churchmen at the ecclesiastical court, which was the place he duplicated antiquated works including Tulips Cicero (106-BOB. C. ). This rediscovery of Latin artifact started an interest on resuscitating and rejuvenation traditional learning. Cicero eventually drove Patriarch to find in a traditional way of thinking, a manual forever dependent on experience. Patriarch’s replacements found and replicated compositions including works from Sophocles, Constantinople, and certain libraries. His utilization of Roman belief system pulled in Giovanni Biostatic, a Florence head during this time who received his thoughts and even got some distance from writing in the medieval convention to the old style custom. This all lighted a huge spotlight on humanism, an elective way to deal with information and culture. This helped lean away from Scholasticism, which was intolerant emphasis on conventional regulation at that point. Scholar’s most regarded sources and thoughts were being spread all through Europe as a reaction to the standard instructive program that concentrated uniquely on rationale and phonetics. As residents of Florence and the encompassing regions in Italy were defeating the Black Death, they encountered an incredible arousing in mindfulness. They wanted to turn out to be nearer to God and invest heavily in their humankind. Journalists during this period dunked on independence and craftsmen looked to make their fine art progressively practical. The Medici and the papacy, who turned into the best benefactor in Rome, increased an enthusiasm for workmanship that reflected both human and strict characteristics. Painters began making man in the picture of God and served to humanism religion, and uncovered the self-esteem and magnificence of oneself. With the entirety of the new getting the hang of occurring in light of conditions that confronted Europe in the fourteenth century, people’s lives began to reunite. Rather than just concentrating on agribusiness for the primary wellspring of food, creature farming emerged which additionally had a positive wellbeing sway. Since the populace had plunged, there was a lot of food and assets to go around. Now, the general population didn't need to invest as much energy stressing over where their next feast is originating from, yet maybe additional time pondering imaginative perspectives in life, for example, painting, acting and creating. The 1 fifth century held Johannes Gutenberg to develop the printing whole world. On the off chance that it weren’t for the unforgiving real factors of the fourteenth century, the Renaissance may have not had such an enduring impression as we realize that it will generally be. The most effective method to refer to Century, Papers

Industrial Organization and Regulation of the Market Free Essays

A market could be depicted in straightforward words as a spot where purchasers and venders meet to trade merchandise as well as administrations. In this setting the market doesn't need to take a physical area. This has been made conceivable by propels in innovation where it’s now conceivable to sell/by products as well as administrations via phone or through the web. We will compose a custom article test on Modern Organization and Regulation of the Market or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now There are various sorts of business sectors and these business sectors are dictated by numerous variables. As a rule we have two general classifications of business sectors; these are the mechanical markets and customer markets. Shopper Markets Shopper markets are the business sectors for items and administrations purchased by people for their own or family or residential use. Merchandise purchased in customer markets can be classified in a few different ways: †¢ Fast-moving customer merchandise (â€Å"FMCG’s†) †¢ Consumer durables †¢ Soft merchandise †¢ Services (for example hairdressing, dental specialists, childcare) Mechanical Markets Mechanical markets include the offer of merchandise between organizations. These are merchandise that are not pointed legitimately at purchasers. Mechanical markets incorporate †¢ Selling completed products †¢ Selling crude materials or segments †¢ Selling administrations to organizations Modern markets regularly require a marginally extraordinary advertising technique and blend Association and Regulation: In each sort of market circumstance botches simply like in the open segment can and do happen. At the point when governments bomb we call it government disappointment yet when markets bomb we call it advertise disappointment. Obviously, most deviations from the perfect are minor and don't force huge expenses on society. Be that as it may, when deviations are huge there is regularly a call for government to take care of the issue. For instance, markets can veer off altogether from the serious perfect †e.g., firms may gain huge market power, embrace misleading practices or connive like cartels so as to make strange benefits. With regards to guideline and association of business sectors there are normally a couple of objectives that each industry as well as government needs to accomplish. These incorporate buyer security (from inadequate or hurtful items), value controls (to forestall over abuse of buyers and undesirable rivalry), forestall falsifying and underground market exchanging. Generally in this way guideline includes authoritative direction of the market so as to make it increasingly proficient. By productivity we mean Economic effectiveness and Economic proficiency is something significantly more than creating merchandise at the most minimal conceivable expense. It includes furnishing people with the merchandise and enterprises they want, in the amounts, characteristics, places, and times they want them, with minimal utilization of society’s rare assets. Financial analysts contend that if markets are serious, if exact data is accessible, if assets are versatile, and if people taking part in the exchanges bear the full expenses and get the full advantages of their exchanges, monetary effectiveness will be accomplished. Guideline can either be inside or outside. Inward guideline for the most part includes guideline inside the business particularly in the field of rivalry. Outside guideline includes control through government arrangements. Outside guideline incorporates: Social Regulation. This includes government guideline to contain negative externalities. Natural issues, similar to contamination and blockage, are difficult to solve[1]. Because of this administrations concoct measures to control this, these measures include: Rights to dirty and rights to utilize thruways. Rights to Pollute Making rights to contaminate the air can †incomprehensibly †help to control contamination. A â€Å"right-to-pollute† answer for contamination control characterizes an option to dirty and permits that option to be purchased and sold. Generally these rights are constrained this makes their costs high. So as to abstain from paying these colossal sums firms rather introduce contamination decrease supplies and these assistance lessen generally contamination. This implies the degree of reasonable contamination can be indicated, as we presently accomplish for example to restrain sulfur dioxide discharges in the United States to battle corrosive rain.[2] Once contamination rights are characterized and a given flexibly is set up, a market cost can be resolved. At that point the individuals who can decrease contamination most productively, that is, for not exactly the estimation of an option to dirty, will diminish contamination and offer their privileges to dirty to other people. The individuals who face higher contamination decrease expenses can purchase the contamination rights and use them for authorization to emanate contamination. Subsequently, at showcase harmony, the cost of contamination rights mirrors the minimal expense of controlling contamination to the level that the accessible contamination rights will permit. Rights to Highway Use We take care of roadway use. We cause the private expense of a vehicle trip between two focuses, including not just fuel, oil, tire wear, etc, yet in addition the driver’s (and passengers’) time, and when blockage is not kidding that time segment goes up.[3] The recognizable issue of over the top traffic clog emerges on the grounds that every one of us concludes whether to make a thruway stumble based on the normal expense as opposed to the minor expense of the excursion to society.[4] An extra vehicle can join a flood of vehicles on the interstate and it will partake in the normal expenses and postponements of the various vehicles. However that minor vehicle makes defers all the others, postpones that the driver of the minimal vehicle doesn't consider when joining the traffic stream. An answer for the interstate clog issue can emerge out of appointing a property directly in street use †an option to postpone others, similar to one side to contaminate. Electronic gadgets exist since will record time spent on a street. At the point when put in vehicles, these gadgets work like the power meter in your home, however they recognize the time and area of your street use[5]. Innovation and financial aspects join in these gadgets to make charging drivers for street utilize attainable, and that can maintain a strategic distance from over the top clog. Such gadgets and charges are in viable use in Singapore[6] and a large number of us ought to hope to see them in the course of our lives. There are numerous different territories where social guideline Was presented in awkward structures †customer insurance for instance †that are improving continuously, in view of monetary Thoughts that improve data and market work. Monetary guideline. Monetary guideline in numerous business sectors has taken a structure whereby the quantity of firms in an industry is dictated by the legislature and the business sectors firms can serve are determined by the administrative commission. Costs and paces of return are directed and, critically, passage into the business is either illegal or made extremely troublesome by law. Along these lines financial guideline possibly as antitrust laws or value obsession. In antitrust cases, courts keep either â€Å"per se† rules, under which certain realities decide blame or blamelessness, or they look at conditions all the more comprehensively and follow a â€Å"rule of reason† investigation, to decide the suitability of the watched conduct. The in essence method is speedier and simpler, and obviously it gives progressively exact rules to business firms, however it requires what attorneys call â€Å"bright line,† or clear, rules. The weakness of such in essence decides is that they might be finished or under comprehensive. The other option, rule-of-reason, examination permits courts to analyze the conditions of each case. It is in these standard of reason examinations that financial matters is applied much better now than before. Constraints of guideline:  Regulation prompts expanded expenses of leading business. The immediate and backhanded expenses of guideline bring about more significant expenses and expanded expenses of utilizing laborers. These costs go about as an assessment on work creation and business. They likewise cause a decline in efficiency. The higher business costs that outcome from guideline are passed along to customers as more significant expenses (backhanded tax assessment). To the degree that lower salary people spend a more noteworthy extent of their pay on the merchandise and ventures influenced, the more significant expenses are generally a type of backward taxation.[7] End: The association as well as guideline of any market has its ups and down. Markets and governments consistently bomb every now and then. Because of this an amicable connection needs to exist between the administration and businesses. This necessitates where guideline prompts expanded. Reference: Ellerman, A. Denny, et al. (2000) Markets for clean air: The U.S. corrosive downpour program, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Plants, David E. 1981. Possession game plans and blockage inclined offices. American Economic Review 71: 493-502. Phang, Sock-Young, and Mukul G. Asher. 1997. Ongoing improvements in Singapore’s engine vehicle strategies. Diary of Transport Economics and Policy 31: 205-25. Roger Sherman, The Future of Market Regulation accessible a: www.seapres.wp8.htm. Sherman, Roger. 1967. A private possession inclination in travel decision. American Economic Review 57: 1211-17. Sherman, Roger. 1971. Blockage relationship and urban travel admissions. Econometrica 39: 565-76. Theriault III, Rene J. 1999. The blockage emergency: An assessment of traffic and clog solutions for the Washington, DC metropolitan region. Undergrad postulation, University of Virginia. [1] Roger Sherman, The Future of Market Regulation accessible a:www.seapres.wp8.htm [2] Ellerman, A. Denny, et al. 2000. Markets for clean air: The U.S. corrosive downpour program, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [3] Sherman, Roger. 1967. A private proprietorship predisposition in travel decision. American Economic Review 57: 1211-17. [4] Mills, David E. 1981. Proprietorship courses of action and blockage expert

Great Gatsby: American Dream

As time streams everlastingly on, the fantasies which man assembles Its self upon are inclined to change. All through American history the American dream has changed from being one which motivated and took care of the expectations of individuals everywhere throughout the nation, to its twenties' disfigured translation, where everything spun around cash and status. This topic is communicated in various characters and all the more explicitly Gatsby who is a prime case of such corruption.The inauspicious downfall of Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby, signals the unwinding of the American dream. In the start of the novel Gatsby dream is unadulterated in its underlying structure. Beginning his fantasy is Just similar to any other's, unified with magnificence and a superior life for himself as he accepted he merited. In the end he gain his fantasy of wealth, this being reflected In his new life In the West Egg with his chateau being pristine separated from the Ivy covering It has alongside his immense measure of yard region. Fitzgerald 9) Gatsby gives extraordinary consideration to his garden likewise, developing It as he did with his ascent to fortune and controlling most subtleties separated from one segment permitted to develop wild, which was an Indo to see the internal disturbance of Gatsby. This nervousness inside is helped by the way that one of Gatsby driving ideas in the book was to When the acknowledgment hits that Gatsby dream is turning into a misguided feeling of its self, the peruser is compelled to look further into the character of Gatsby and who he truly is.This prompts the revelation of Gatsby constantly living previously, as a rule manufacturing a story to cause himself to appear to be additionally cordial and removed from what he really is, leaving the peruser pondering â€Å"if there wasn't something a little evil about him all things considered. (Fitzgerald 69) These inclinations drove Gatsby to gloat about what materialistic Items he has today and what he can give himself as well as other people. For example, when Gatsby Is feeling on edge about Daisy coming over for tea he cuts his own yard for a feeling of control at that point stretches out his control to likewise â€Å"[send someone] over to cut [Nick's] grass. (Fitzgerald 88) Eventually, Gatsby possessive sentiments lead to the defilement of his fantasy about prevailing upon Daisy since he starts to need to have her also. The last defining moment In the novel identifying with Gatsby trouble with his fantasy is he peaking battle among Tom and himself over Daisy. Gatsby being so ruined now, that he shouts and powers his alleged genuine romance to reveal to her significant other she never adored him. (Fitzgerald 139) In the end this really drives Daisy away more and go into the arms of her better half, Tom.Within Fitzgerald epic the American dream was once observed as a growing new idea yet In the end neglected to sprout because of the conditions where th e characters, explicitly Gatsby, took to discover their course to their accepted bliss. Incredible Gatsby: American Dream By Instrumentalists As time streams everlastingly on, the fantasies which man manufactures its self upon are In the start of the novel Gatsby dream is unadulterated in its underlying structure. Beginning accepted he deserved.Eventually he gain his fantasy of wealth, this being reflected in his new life in the West Egg with his house being fresh out of the plastic new separated from the covering it has alongside his immense measure of garden territory. (Fitzgerald 9) Gatsby gives uncommon consideration to his garden likewise, developing it as he did with his ascent to fortune cap one of Gatsby driving ideas in the book was to materialistic things he has today and what he can give himself and others.Such as when Gatsby is feeling on edge about Daisy coming over for tea he cuts his own cut [Nicks] grass. † (Fitzgerald 88) Eventually, Gatsby possessive sentimen ts lead to The last defining moment in the novel identifying with Gatsby trouble with his fantasy is simply the peaking battle among Tom and over Daisy. Gatsby being so debased idea yet at long last neglected to sprout because of the conditions where the

Competitor Analysis and Competitive Intelligence

Competitor Analysis and Competitive Intelligence © Shutterstock.com | bizvectorFor those who are yet to harness the power of competitor analysis or competitive intelligence to get that edge, read this article to know about these aspects: 1) what is competitor analysis, 2) difference between competitor analysis and competitive intelligence, 3) three approaches of competitive intelligence, 4) cycle of competitive intelligence, and 5) examples of competitive intelligence analysis techniques.WHAT IS COMPETITOR ANALYSIS?A competitor analysis, which is an essential element of corporate strategy, is a technique used to assess outside competitors (potential and current). The study seeks to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these competitors and use the knowledge gained, to improve endeavors within the company. Its goal is to create a profile of the kind of strategy changes each rival may take, each rival’s possible reaction to possible environmental shifts and industry changes, and each rival’s probable response to the variety of probable strategic moves other firms or companies could make. Thus, your competitor analysis should enable you to come up with the tactics and strategies essential for ensuring profitable and consistent transfer of market share from particular competitors to your company or firm.The competitive analysis gives a defensive and offensive strategic context to spot both opportunities and threats. Profiling combines all of the pertinent sources of competitor analysis into a single structure in the support of effective and efficient strategy formulation, implementation, adjustment, and monitoring.One frequently used yet useful technique of competitive intelligence is developing a competitor array, the steps of which include:Delineating your industry â€" nature and scope of the industryFinding out who your competitors areFinding out who your customers are and the advantages they expectFinding out what the chief success factors in your industry areRanking each of the success factors by gi ving it a weighting â€" when the weightings are added together, the total should be oneGiving each competitor a rating based on the chief success factorsMultiplying the factor weighting with each cell in the matrixDIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPETITOR ANALYSIS AND COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCEThough the term “competitive intelligence” is often regarded as similar in meaning to competitor analysis, that belief is not correct. Competitive intelligence may be defined as the action of delineating, collecting, studying and distributing intelligence pertaining to competitors, products, customers and any facet of the environment required to support managers and executives making strategic decisions for a business. This is similar to competitor analysis. However, competitive intelligence does more â€" it also involves improving the competitiveness of the business or organization relative to its whole environment and stakeholders: competitors, customers, technologies, distributors and macroeconomic d ata.THREE APPROACHES TO COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCECompetitive intelligence is carried out under three key approaches in the CI framework, all of which are discussed below:Tactical intelligenceThis approach is on a smaller scale and usually operational, not focusing much on being predictive. Some examples of tactical issues are competitors’ plans for modifying the manner by which they distinguish one, two or multiple products from yours, their price policies and terms of sale. Some of the key users of this approach are middle-level sales and marketing managers because they have a desire to know how to be a winner each day.Strategic intelligenceThis approach mainly has to do with acquiring comprehension of a competitor’s current strategy, future goals, capabilities â€" diagnostic components and conjectures with respect to itself and the industry. Intelligence pertaining to the firm’s partners (in research and development or marketing alliances), suppliers and chief customers is fr equently also of strategic value.Counter intelligenceCounter intelligence involves protecting company secrets. Just as you are interested in knowing your competitors’ plans, they may be interested in knowing your plans, possibly even more interested than you in theirs. Frequently, this area of effort would incorporate information technology and security. Others such as firing and hiring strategies are frequently overlooked so that competitor opportunities can be contained within the firm.CYCLE OF COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE 1. Planning and directionThis step is characterized by the involvement of the management and settling on what intelligence it requires, and the competitive intelligence practitioner deciding which direction to pursue to successfully accomplish his task. A CI project is scoped out by answering these questions: What knowledge do we need? What do we already know? When do we need to be aware of this knowledge/intelligence? Why should we have this information? How much would it cost us to get that information? How much would it cost us if we did not have that information? How would we put the intelligence we have gained to use?This step may also be regarded as the other end of the intelligence cycle. The reason for this is that once specific intelligence is given to the decision maker, his ensuing actions which are based on the intelligence received would trigger more intelligence needs. The firm’s situation would thus, certainly change on the basis of those subsequent actions.2. Collec tion and researchAt this step or stage, the actual collection of raw information for intelligence purposes, is completed. The sources of information used are those which are publicly accessible which means that as long as the person knows where to look, he can access that information. This is what makes competitive intelligence ethical and legal (daring to be unethical is not just uncalled for but can also result in harsh consequences). Some examples of such sources are periodicals, books, annual reports, broadcasts, databases, and speeches. The nature of information gathered and research carried out would depend on decisions to be informed or KITs. Pertinent data may already be in hand from secondary sources, whether by purchase or available for free. Other pertinent data may be present in the firm’s different information coffers. To get more data or information, it may be necessary to collect it personally, by way of observations, interviews or other kinds of primary research.Th e research objectives of a CI project would frequently involve areas such as: analysis of joint ventures and/or alliances that competitors entered into, the competitors’ manufacturing capabilities, their product lines, their future plans and strategies for particular markets, reasons for changes in the business unit or corporate strategy.The collection and research stage is also characterized by processing of information or data so that it may be transmitted and stored electronically if needed. In electronic form, the information can be changed into a form that enables its analysis.3. Analysis and productionAnalysis, synthesis, and distillation are at the core of CI, where distinct bits of information are converted into actionable intelligence. Analysis is regarded as the most difficult aspect of the intelligence cycle. It requires considerable guts and skills because it calls for the analyst to weigh information, see if there are any patterns, and come up with various scenarios d erived from what he has learned. In spite of the fact that, an analysis is based on hard and logical information, analysts should, from time to time, ‘fill in the blanks’ and make well-informed guesses about potential outcomes.The next job of CI analysts is to synthesize different patterns and separate industry happenings to expose the bigger picture and identify suitable actions.4. Dissemination and deliveryThis is the final stage in the competitive intelligence cycle and has to do with distributing the intelligence product to the people who requested it. At this stage, analysts would recommend probable courses of action based on the intelligence. In addition to articulating their recommendations, the analysts should be able to defend them using logical arguments. The further intelligence that results would also be passed on to others in the company who can put it to use.Intelligence should be packaged in formats suitable to the intelligence, the extent of actions to be taken, and the decision makers. At times, this means a comprehensive hard-copy report, other times, email exchanges and still other times, an in-person presentation. Any CI report in written form should start with a brief executive summary that centers on findings, conclusions, and suggestions.EXAMPLES OF COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUESPorter’s five forces © Flickr | Greg EmmerichThe credit for this framework or technique goes to Michael Porter of Harvard Business School. The technique utilizes Industrial Organization economics to obtain the most vital five factors that establish a market’s competitive intensity or profitability. These factors are threat of new entrants, threat of established rivals, bargaining power of supplies, bargaining power of customers and the threat of substitute products. This five-force framework provides a checklist to study the industry’s degree of competitiveness based on the balance of power. With the help of this analysis, companies can de cide on how best to leverage market forces to boost profitability. The next step includes delineating that strategy would increase the chances of success: differentiation, cost structure or integration.SWOT © Wikimedia commons | XhienneThis technique is intended to have a look at the company’s strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). Though it is a great point from which to start a competitor analysis, its narrow focus can result in an inclination to pigeonhole information, and frequently, missed information. The competitor data should be information gathered from your own business. For example, it may be your wish to compare the liquidity so that you know if your market share runs the risk of any threats from other market players. SWOT should consider both industry players and external markets. What’s more, though the SWOT analysis is helpful in organizing information, it is definitely not, when it comes to strategic decision-making. For additional insights, it should be done along with the TOWS matrix.Supply and demand curves © Wikimedia commons | FecoFrom the point of economics, supply and demand is a model for fixing price in the market. The conclusion of this model is that, in a cutthroat market, the unit price for a specific good would change until it stays at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at the present price) is the same as the quantity provided by producers (at the present price), thereby creating an outcome of economic equilibrium for quantity and price.Critical success factor analysisThis model looks at the goals a business must satisfy so as to succeed. This analytical technique may be applied to a number of competitors so as to determine the most frequent markers of success or failure in your market.Value chain analysisA value chain analysis entails identifying each segment of the value chain and determining areas where improvements can be made whether from a cost perspective or production standpoint to make certain that consumers are getting maximum value for their money. When consumers get maximum value from the product for the lowest cost, businesses gain in the long run.BCG MatrixCreated in the 1980s, the BCG matrix framework is meant to assist with decision making on current product lines. It has been utilized to assess how a company should reflect on their portfolio on the basis of two benchmarks: the market growth rate and the product’s relative market share.Win-loss analysisThis is an analysis that uses the customer’s perspective to find out why the provided sales opportunities are won or lost. The process usually involves carrying out detailed telephonic interviews with new customers or lost prospects. With the candid feedback gained, senior leadership can continuously tweak their strategies and processes in product development, customer service, marketing and sales to ensure optimum performance and maximize the competitive advantage.Monte Carlo simulationThis is a computerized mathematical technique that permits people to justify the ris k in decision making and quantitative analysis. The method is used by professionals in such widely different fields as project management, finance, manufacturing, energy, research and development, engineering, transportation, insurance, the environment and oil and gas. Monte Carlo simulation carries out risk analysis by developing models of probable outcomes by substituting a variety of values â€" a probability distribution for any aspect that has inherent uncertainty.Assessing uncertaintyA four level McKinsey framework of uncertainty may be helpful to choose the right combination of strategic tools. These four levels are as follows:Level #1: Predictable future â€" recognizable trends (such as market demographics). Little bit of residual uncertainty, reasonably accurately basis for strategy. Execute the classic strategy tool kit.Level #2: Alternative futures â€" discreet scenarios (such as those associated with competitors’ actions and regulatory changes). Probabilities may apply. Examine each strategic result separately. Keep watch for trigger points.Level #3: A range of futures â€" A limited number of variables (such as adoption rates in upcoming markets) determine results that are not discreet, but still within an expansive range. Execute scenario analysis.Level #4: True ambiguity â€" A number of uncertainty dimensions cause difficulty in delineating a variety of outcomes. One example is the nascent mobile internet market. Maximize your identification of indicators and variables as much as you can and take “no regret” moves.A formalized competitor analysis and competitive intelligence program can:Predict the actions of competitorsPredict changes in the marketplaceDiscover prospective or new competitorsHelp you learn from the right steps and mistakes of othersIncrease the quality and range of acquisition targetsHelp you learn about political, regulatory or legislative changes that may impact your businessHelp you learn about new product, processes and technologies that impact your businessHelp you enter new businessesHelp you execute the most recent management toolsHave an open manner of analyzing your business practicesThe eventual benefits to your bottom line include better market knowledge, more confidence in coming up with strategic plans, better cross-functional relationships in the organization and enhancements in product quality against the competition. These benefits can be summed up in three words â€" “better business performance” by doing things better, and this, is worth the effort.As mentioned before, it is worth remembering that competitive intelligence is fully justified as long as it conforms to ethics and the law. When it doesn’t, it takes the form of corporate espionage that is an unfair approach for gaining a competitive advantage.

Research Romantics and the Burden of Consciousness - 275 Words

Research Romantics and the Burden of Consciousness (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessorCourseDateRomantics and the Burden of ConsciousnessJust like many other poets, romantics seek to address issues that are very closely related to their emotional state. From the genesis of romanticism in the nineteenth century and its peak in mid the same century, romantics have been known to be in dalliance with the emphasis of emotion and individualism (Barth 41,149). Moreover, romanticism was characterized with the glorification of medieval times at the expense of the classical moments in which it was born (Barth 139). Some scholars equate the attitude of the romantics to a rebellion against the industrial revolution and its aristocratic social and political systems (Wellek Warren 105). Perhaps the vision of romanticism is not well embedded in poetry, but it made several significant contributions in music, visual arts, education, historiography, and natural sciences. In fact, the idea of nationalism was enhanced during that time because romanticism call ed for liberalism and it used radical means to achieve its objectives (Wellek Warren 43). Today, many critics argue that the Romantics are poets of intensified self-consciousness, internalizing just about everything. Others have argued that they seek to escape the burden of consciousness. Both of these statements are true, but it is more ideal to relate romantics to the level of self-consciousness that shows how sentimental they were.According to Geofrey Hartman, it is dangerous to isolate poetry from the emotional self of the writer (Kane 90). He goes on to quote Harold Bloom who said that:The high cost of romantic internalization, that is, of finding paradises within a renovated man tends to manifest itself in the arena of self-consciousness. The quest is to widen consciousness as well as intensify it, but the quest is shadowed by a spirit that tends to narrow consciousness to an acute preoccupation with self. This shadow of imagination is solipsism, what sherry calls the spirit of solitude, or Alastor, the avenging daimon Blake calls this spirit of solitude a Spectre or the genuine Satan, the Thanatos or death impulse in every natural man. (Kane 90).The preceding quote brings in the problem of defining solipsism. According to Stern, the term solipsism embodies the thought that there is no mind other than that of self (Kleingeld 333). Based on what Kane reported about the poetry romantic poetry, romantics actually secluded other people from the scene and hence relied on their innate feelings to express the outer shape of the world. It is an extreme form of narcissism where object libido is so weak that it turns inward upon self (Kane 90). The counterargument of this case draws from the urge to disapprove solipsism. But how possible is it to deal with the solipsist mind? That is not an easy question to answer. One man that tried to dispel the fear of solipsism in romantic poetry is Hegel. However, as Kleingeld proved, he failed miserably in his attempts (33 3). The problem of disassociating solipsism from romantic poetry persists till this day, and it remains to be the sole defining element of romanticism.Despite the resilience of solipsism in romantic poetry, Brennan provides an alternative to the definition of poetry by saying that poetry is a sense of complete harmony between us and the world, and that is the reality (Kane 91). He was saying that in response to what Bloom said. His concept of poetry was that there is no poetry without incorporating the beauty of the world around us. We develop sentiment from the environment we relate to, and that is the reality. But once again, a loophole was discovered in the definition by Brennan and it was adjudged a version of solipsism. This is because Brenan defines the jest of poetry in the lens of one man who considers the world a beautiful place and secludes others from his feeling.The other attempt to move away from the paradox of describing poetry is by defining romantic energy as either organic or Prometheus (Kane 93). The problem with romantics is related to the adamancy of accepting the cure of imagination. The cure from imagination is essential given that thoughts have the power to move men from the confines of the world in which they live in to some other nonexistent space (Kane 93). Imagination is the disease of the poet. It makes them supernatural and thus special above all other humans. In the words of Bloom, and quoted in Kane, the romantic poets selfless self, that Edenic identity commensurate with vatic vision but now fallen into naturalistic selfhood (93). Talking about Edenic identity, classical poets adhered to some poetic principles that exemplified the supernatural and nullified the natural. It was a contest of supernatural discovery.Think about the aesthetic values that are created in romantics poetry. They display a strong emphasis on emotions such as apprehension, terror, awe, and horror. This is the peak of solipsism as it is known. It shows how poets looked at the world in their own eyes and force their imagination upon us in every way. The riddance of self from the imagination and vision without the burden of personal exclusion from the past self is the problem here. And as such, no poet has been identified to be unique by receiving the credential of escaping dualism both within and without. Each poet had his or her shortcomingsThere are numerous critics of romanticism as expressed in classical poetry. Two of them are William Wordsmith and his compatriot Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Wordsmith wrote a preface to Lyrical Ballads (1800), while Taylors work is recorded in his Biographia Literaria (1817). They fought the spirit of romanticism styling themselves as poetic police. They came up with their own standards of good poetry. However, despite their efforts in streamlining poetry, these two literary analysts still failed to provide a universal answer to the problem of solipsism.In his words, Wordsmith said that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings (Wordsworth, Taylor Coleridge Schmidt 8). The result of this famed proclamation is that people started looking at poetry not just as a mimetic but rather an artistic course. In other words, poetry got the new meaning of art in relation to work. Interestingly, the analysts that followed borrowed Wordsmiths school of thought. Classical romantics added a twist to the analogy by suggesting that the aim of poetry was to reflect the artists mind and not the external self, thus, they compared a poets work to a reflection in a mirror that is turned inwards and not outwards. Moreover, William Hazlitt (1818) viewed the changes in poetry in the lens of a mirror combined with a lamp (Wordsworth, Taylor Coleridge Schmidt 156). At this juncture is where the poetry element in music was unveiled. Music was considered by German Romantics as the most explicitly defined form of poetry that gave an almost immediate expression of spirit and emotion.The work of Ren Wellek, a German Romantic, combines reflections from the works of writers such as Fredriech Schiller, Novalis, and August Wilhelm. In one example, Wellek reports the views of Novalis on poets uniqueness. He reports Novalis to have been a devout lyricist who viewed poets as people with a rare kind of ability that is not earthly but divine (Wellek Warren 119). According to Novalis, other humans were just subordinate to poets who had insight. He said this with a view of poets as humans in the pinnacle of imagination and spiritual astuteness (Kleingeld 270). But in a critical manner, Wellek defines Novalis and Fredriech as poets and writers of borderline influence. They had no clear-cut direction on how they wrote their poetry. Neither did they seek independence from the curse of romanticism.In the early 1800s in England, literary reviews of poetry helped in the formulation of new critical analyses and theories. The most important papers at this time were the Quarterly review and the Edinburg Review (Leypoldt 5). These two papers did a lot of analyses on poems that were written at the term. However, critiques argue that since these were commercial papers, what they did mostly was trying to sell poetry books by providing positive reviews while shunning the critical debates. In that time, columnists could not post reviews based on the explicitly defined anti-government rhetoric that filled the poetic space (Leypoldt 9). They were not in a position top break the aristocratic barriers that stopped men from being liberal. The reviews consisted of loosely defined ideologies accompanied by literary judgment that was grossly skewed. Politics shaped poetic justice in a way that it almost never existed in England at the start of the ninetieth century.It is the undisciplined approach to poetry review at the beginning of the nineteenth century that forced Coleridge to develop tools of analysis that would set objectivity for all. Even though he was unhappy with the way c riticisms displayed so much opinion, Coleridge could not change the status quo. He met resistance from those who still upheld that poetry was an abstract subject and therefore needed abstract reviews. In fact, those who came up against the idea fronted by Coleridge alluded to the fact that any review is right for as long as it talks about the poem itself. Ethical considerations were not very important, and therefore, any review based on political affiliation for the reviewer was still valid (Wellek Warren 79-133). As a result, Wordsmith in his religiously biased writings came up with his own criterion for dissecting his poetry. On the other hand, Coleridge drafted his own merit list of poetic elements (Wellek Warren 280). The division and lack of consensus in the works of classical poets is what prompted Paul...

The Power of Land Barn Burn by William Faulkner - 1551 Words

The importance of land ownership has been a vital part of modern society due to the many goods and resources one can acquire from it. Because of this, landowners have a distinct advantage over non-land owners when it comes to these resources. Not only are landowners able to use the land themselves, but grant others the ability to use their land for a percentage of the produce. This is known as sharecropping. As seen is William Faulkner’s short story, Barn Burn, it is land ownership and not ethnic origins gives power to certain individuals. By controlling the livelihood of individuals who live off the earth, landowners place themselves in a more advanced social class than those without land. In Charles Chesnutt’s story The Goophered†¦show more content†¦Feed by insecurities and anger, Abner makes slights to the upper class by befouling the landowner’s house, while also lashing out the Negro servant by calling him a â€Å"nigger† and completely di sregarding his instructions (Faulkner 805). Some of Abner’s anger may stem from his internal feeling of being like a slave. While leaving the house, Abner angrily tells his son, [t]hats sweat. Nigger sweat. Maybe it aint white enough yet to suit him. Maybe he wants to mix some white sweat with it† (Faulkner 805). Abner is attempting to belittle the house that his son thought so highly of by declaring it built by â€Å"niggers†. In his bitter remark, Abner reveals his is expressing his disdain for both the black race and his own profession. Abner sees sharecropping as being similar to slavery. As shown earlier in the story, the initial reason for visiting Major de Spain’s house was to â€Å"have a word with the man that aims to begin to-morrow owning me body and soul for the next eight months† (Faulkner 803). Instead of seeing himself as an employee, Abner makes a clear distinction between himself and Major de Spain by including the notion that Major de Spain would own not only the land but als o his body and soul. In The Goophered Grapevine, the idea of land ownership makes a central appearance early on in Chesnutt’s short story. Due to ongoing health problems, John and his sickly wife (Annie) are attempting to move to North Carolina in the hopes that a warmer climate willShow MoreRelatedBarn Burning by William Faulkner894 Words   |  4 PagesIn the tale Barn Burning, the author William Faulkner formally known for his short stories with a constant theme of Southern Renaissance, racism and modernism uses these themes as a constant reference throughout the story. Faulkner focuses in depth on the antagonist, Abner Snopes and his actions and how they impact other characters throughout the story. I believe Abner was continuously portrayed as a negative character throughout the short story by Abner’s aggressiveness towards everyone he comesRead More William Faulkners Barn Burning Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkners Barn Burning William Faulkner, recognized as one of the greatest writers of all time, once made a speech as he accepted his Nobel prize for writing in which he stated that a great piece of writing should contain the truths of the heart and the conflicts that arise over these truths. These truths were love, honor, pity, pride, compassion and sacrifice. Truly it would be hard to argue that a story without these truths would be considered even a good story let alone a greatRead MoreAs I Lay Dying by William Faulkner997 Words   |  4 PagesAs I lay dying is an American novel authored by William Faulkner. The novel is among the best-ranked novels in the 20th century literature. The Faulkner’s seventh novel derives the title from the book XI of the homers the odyssey. In the introduction, Agamemnon converse with Odysseus: ‘’as I lay dying, the woman with the dog’s eyes could not close my eyes as I descend into Hades’’. The book consists of fifteen character s with more than fifty-nine chapters. It narrates the narrative of the bereavementRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesstandard form which is â€Å"If A, then B.† Often conditionals are expressed in other ways. For example, here is a conditional that contains neither an â€Å"if† nor a â€Å"then:† The larger a star the quicker it burns up and dies. Rewriting it in standard form produces: If a star is larger, then it burns up and dies quicker. ────CONCEPT CHECK──── 42 The Governor of Alaska (on left) Suppose you were to learn for certain that if a person is the governor of Alaska, then he or she is a U.S. citizen

Biography of Emmett Chappelle, American Inventor

Emmett Chappelle (born October 24, 1925) is an African-American scientist and inventor who worked for NASA for several decades. He is the recipient of 14 U.S. patents for inventions related to medicine, food science, and biochemistry. A member of the National Inventors Hall of Fame, Chappelle is one of the most distinguished African-American scientists and engineers of the 20th century. Fast Facts: Emmett Chappelle Known For: Chappelle is a scientist and inventor who received over a dozen patents while working for NASA; he devised ways for scientists to measure plant health and detect bacteria in outer space.Born: October 24, 1925 in Phoenix, ArizonaParents: Viola Chappelle and Isom ChappelleEducation: Phoenix College, University of California at Berkeley, University of WashingtonAwards and Honors: National Inventors Hall of FameSpouse: Rose Mary PhillipsChildren: Emmett William Jr., Carlotta, Deborah, and Mark Early Life Emmett Chappelle was born on October 24, 1925, in Phoenix, Arizona, to Viola White Chappelle and Isom Chappelle.  His family farmed cotton and cows on a small farm. As a child, he enjoyed exploring the desert environment of Arizona and learning about nature. Chappelle was drafted into the U.S. Army right after graduating from Phoenix Union Colored High School in 1942 and was assigned to the Army Specialized Training Program, where he was able to take some engineering courses. Chappelle was later reassigned to the all-black 92nd Infantry Division and served in Italy. After returning to the United States, he went on to study electrical engineering and earn his associates degree from Phoenix College. He then earned a B.S. in biology from the University of California at Berkeley. After graduating, Chappelle went on to teach at the Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee, from 1950 to 1953, where he also conducted his own research. His work was soon recognized by the scientific community and he accepted an offer to study at the University of Washington, where he received his masters degree in biology in 1954. Chappelle continued his graduate studies at Stanford University, though he did not complete a Ph.D. degree. In 1958, Chappelle joined the Research Institute for Advanced Studies in Baltimore, Maryland, where his research on single-celled organisms and photosynthesis contributed to the creation of an oxygen supply system for astronauts. He went on to work for Hazelton Laboratories in 1963. Innovations at NASA In 1966, Chappelle began working at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. His work as a research chemist supported NASAs manned space flight initiatives. Chappelle pioneered a way to develop the ingredients ubiquitous in all cellular material. Later, he developed techniques that are still widely used for the detection of bacteria in urine, blood, spinal fluids, drinking water, and foods. Chappelles research helped NASA scientists develop a way to remove soil from Mars as part of the Viking program. In 1977, Chappelle turned his research efforts toward the remote measurement of vegetation health through laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Working with scientists at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, he advanced the development of LIF as a sensitive means of detecting plant stress. Chappelle was the first person to identify the chemical composition of bioluminescence (the emission of light by living organisms). Through his studies of this phenomenon, he proved that the number of bacteria in water can be measured by the amount of light given off by that bacteria. He also showed how satellites can measure luminescence levels to monitor the health of crops (growth rates, water conditions, and harvest timing) and enhance food production. Chappelle used two chemicals produced by fireflies—luciferase  and  luciferin—to develop a technique for detecting adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an organic compound found in all living organisms: You  start out  with the fire fly  which you  have to obtain by the way. Either you catch it yourself or you pay the little kids to run around  catching  them for you. Then you  bring  them into the lab. You chop off their tails, grind them up and get a solution out of these ground-up tails...You add adenosine triphosphate to  that  mixture and you get  light. Chappelles method for identifying ATP is unique in that it works outside of earths atmosphere—meaning it could, in theory, be used to identify extraterrestrial life. The field of exobiology—the study of life beyond the planet Earth—owes much to Chappelles work. The scientist himself, in an interview with The HistoryMakers, said he is inclined to believe there is life beyond Earth: I  think its  likely. Its not life as we know it here on Earth. But I think its likely that theres, there are organisms up there that reproduce. Chappelle retired from NASA in 2001 to live with his daughter and son-in-law in Baltimore, Maryland. Along with his 14 U.S. patents, he has produced more than 35 peer-reviewed scientific or technical publications and nearly 50 conference papers. He has co-authored and edited numerous other publications on a variety of subjects. Accolades Chappelle earned an Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal from NASA for his work. He is a member of the American Chemical Society, the American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the American Society of Photobiology, the American Society of Microbiology, and the American Society of Black Chemists. Throughout his career, he has mentored talented minority high school and college students in his laboratories. In 2007, Chappelle was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his work on bioluminescence. He is often included on lists of the most important scientists of the 20th century. Sources Carey, Charles W. African Americans in Science: An Encyclopedia of People and Progress. ABC-CLIO, 2008.Dunbar, Brian. â€Å"Goddard Scientist Inducted Into National Inventors Hall of Fame.† NASA, NASA.â€Å"Emmett Chappelle.† The HistoryMakers.â€Å"Fireflies Light Gains New Uses in Medical and Technical Research.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 25 Aug. 1975.Kessler, James H. Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century. Oryx Press, 1996.

Financial Analysis Business Enterprise - 1614 Words

INTRODUCTION The timing is important to anticipate any failure in the future can be corrected, but late decisions are worthless. Financial analysis procedures can be used not only for the previous financial information to evaluate, but also further its activity forecast made in order to assess the pre-financial reporting quality. Each business enterprise in order to survive in the market has to ensure that its activities are profitable as possible. On the profitability of the potential deal from company accounts, which provide a lot of information management in making further decisions. But not enough to consider only the annual reports because they are not sufficiently informative, in order to properly assessing the company has done a financial analysis of the company s activities through a variety of absolute and relative performance. Company Morrisons financial analysis is important for the further development of the company s viability. Board of directors CEO - a man who can make decisions according to their competence in the various tasks attributed to him collective activities managed by the department responsible for the performance of the operating team entrusted with specific leadership tools. Shareholders - the company s highest governing body. It collects the company s board of directors. The BoardShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Cash Management1482 Words   |  6 Pagesmeasure financial performance in place of the dependent variable. The researchers were used self-administered questionnaire with quantities, and sample size of 100. The study presented that measured individually; there is a positive relationship between working capital management; investment decisions; financial decisions and financial performance. Also, the study indicated that the collective effect of financial management practices working capital management, investment decision, a financial decisionRead MoreResearch on the Influence of Informatization1698 Words   |  7 Pagesaccounting information processing has a qualitative leap and its pattern is changing from the traditional accounting mode to network accounting. With rapidly development of the global information network, computer network will become the new trend of financial development which will give accounting fields bring a lot of influence. In this paper, the influence of informatization on accounting field such as practice and theory of accounting and the real-time control about accounting are preliminary discussedRead MoreWhat Aspects Of The Individual Employee And Organisational Beliefs And Values Affect The Nbn Business? 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The principle to apply this method is the â€Å"matching principle†( Berman Knight, 2013), basically is the report of an expense or income statement in the equivalentRead MoreRatio Analysis : Analysis And Interpretation Of Financial Statements1490 Words   |  6 PagesRatio analysis is used to describe the important relationship that lies between figures based on line items in financial statements like the balance sheet, profit and loss account, and a budgetary control organization. Ratio analysis is a technique of analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It helps in evaluating the financial position and performance of the firm, ratio analysis also allows firms to compare their operational or financial performance to another firm or the industry standardRead MoreTraining Process in Sas1207 Words   |  5 Pages * Querying and Reporting Using SA S Enterprise Guide EGQR4 * SAS Programming for SAS Enterprise Guide Users EGPRG1 * SAS Macro Language 1: Essentials MAC1 * SAS SQL 1: Essentials SQL1 * Advanced Querying Using SAS Enterprise Guide EGAQ4 * SAS Certification Review: Base Programming for SAS ®9 CRB Report Writer * SAS Color Graphics GRAP9 Business User * Introduction to SAS Business Intelligence Applications for Reporting and Analysis (9.1.3) SBIOVR1 * Using SAS WebRead MoreUsefulness And Limitations Of Financial Ratios1510 Words   |  7 Pageslimitations of financial ratios in evaluating the performance and management of companies Ratio analysis is used to describe the important relationship that lies between figures based on line items in financial statements like the balance sheet, profit and loss account, and a budgetary control organization. Ratio analysis is a technique of analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It helps in evaluating the financial position and performance of the firm, ratio analysis also allows firmsRead MoreNotes on Importance of Planning for Business Success1060 Words   |  5 Pageson five importance of planning for business success. Specially, you are also to briefly explain the factors to be considered in the preparation for developing a marketing plan. Prepare your notes for the interview. A marketing plan is a written document that summarizes what the marketer has learned about the market place and indicates how the firm plans to reach its marketing objectives. 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The platform has a preconfigured, industrialized end-to-end architectureRead MoreAnalysis Of Social Responsibility Report And Annual Report Of The Company953 Words   |  4 PagesThr ough the analysis of social responsibility report and annual report of the company, this essay uses the case analysis and correlation analysis to discuss the relevance between company’s social obligation and its economic performance. The article will first define the corporate social responsibility. Secondly, it will introduce the previous research and their conclusions. Then it will analyze the case of Lenovo. Finally, it will summarize the research results and give suggestions for enterprises about

The Education System And The American Educational System

The culture in and surrounding Uganda has fascinated me for a year or two now. I went to Kabale Uganda for a mission trip during my spring break of senior year. I was able to teach the students there for two weeks with my team and fell in love with it instantly. That trip spurred my desire to teach in less fortunate countries once I finish college. Once of the most significant differences between the Ugandan educational system and the American educational system that I saw was that access to education was so limited in Uganda. In 1997 Uganda initiated what they called Universal Primary Education (UPE), which aims to decrease poverty by making primary (elementary) school free, there by more accessible to it s students. (Bategeka and Okurut, 2006). The problem with UPE is that the government decides what schools will be part of the UPE program. Which means, the more remote areas may not have a school that is supported by UPE in walking distance. There is no other form of transportation for these students, it is highly uncommon for a family to own a car, and if they re extremely fortunate they may own a bicycle. This forces the students to go to a boarding school (Outreach Uganda, 2009). The boarding fees are around $2.00 in U.S. currency a semester. At first appeared to be very manageable to me until I was told while in Uganda th at $2.00 in American currency converted to the Ugandan currency was roughly 2700 shillings That is more than my college tuition that theses familiesShow MoreRelatedLanguage Acquisition Is The Goal Of Both European And American Educational Systems Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesacquisition is the goal of both European and American educational systems. There are differences in approach between the two systems that create a discrepancy in the effectiveness of the education. 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The American and Japanese educational systems may seem similar but are different in the areasRead MoreHow the American Education System Works Essay example624 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout the world education will vary and have different standards to what each individual person must meet. It all depends on what priorities that specific educational system contains and what process it follows. The American educational system is very complex and has a lot of standards and requirements that must be followed in order for each individual to have a fair chance at equal education. How the educational system is operated is very important because it can affect many people. TooRead MoreThe National Deaf Education Project982 Words   |  4 PagesThe National Deaf Education Project was founded in 1998 by Lawrence Siegel. Lawrence M. Siegel has been an advocate and attorney for special education cases beginning in 1979 (National Deaf Education Project). 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Many schools across the country are utilizing the phraseRead MoreMexican Educational System.1224 Words   |  5 PagesMexican Educational System The Mexican Constitution, established in 1917, outlined the necessity for public education, creating a definitive forum for addressing the educational needs of the country at the beginning of the century (Althaus 1). Though the Constitution addressed the issue of education, it did not provide a directive for promoting educational systems, and Mexico has had to address the difficult problem of providing an educational system for hundreds of different indigenous languagesRead MoreI Know As An Educator Education System758 Words   |  4 Pagesbiographies, of these highly influential men it made me realize how important they all were for helping develop our American Educational System. I know as an educator our education system did not just start one day, there were different theories behind developing the proper way for a successful public school education. The three men’s ideas and theories that helped develop the educational system we have today, were Dewy, Jefferson, and Mann . They all three had different opinions about what they thought

Ls311 Unit 4 Free Essays

Kaplan University LS311 Lori Kieffer-Garrison Unit 4 Case Study Kayla Fulrath November 19th, 2012 In this case study, we are looking into what constitutes a contract and when a person is obligated to honor a contract. In this scenario Carrie offered to sell a set of legal encyclopedias to Antonio for $300. 00. We will write a custom essay sample on Ls311 Unit 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Antonio said that he would think about her offer and let her know his decision the next day. Norvel, who had overheard the conversation between Carrie and Antonio, said to Carrie, â€Å"I accept your offer,† and Carrie gave Norvel the books. The next day, Antonio, who had no idea that Carrie had already sold the books to Norvel, told Carrie that he accepted her offer. We need to determine whether or not Carrie is obligated to sell her encyclopedias to Norvel and whether or not she is breaching a contract with Antonio. The answer is yes, Carrie is obligated to sell her encyclopedia set to Norvel, and no, she did not breach a contract with Antonio. For a contract to be considered a contract there are certain basic elements that must be present. First there must be an agreement to form a contract which consists of an offer and an acceptance of that offer. Second, there must be consideration, which consists of a valuable exchange to support the acceptance of an offer. Third, a contract must of contractual capacity, meaning the parties involved must be competent. Lastly, the contract must be legal (Miller and Jentz, 2008). I’m going to assume that all parties are of sound mind and that Carrie is not illegally selling her set of encyclopedias because I don’t have evidence to the contrary. In the situation with Norvel, I would say a valid contract is established. Carrie has offered a set of encyclopedias for sale. Her first buyer, Antonio, does not initially accept her offer. Norvel pops up and states that he would accept her offer. So now an agreement is formed, which is part of the elements of a contract being a contract. Consideration is also established because Norvel has paid Carrie for her encyclopedias. Here an exchange of value has taken place, solidifying the agreement. Assuming the sale is legal and Carrie and Norvell aren’t crazy, we have ourselves a valid contract, thus Carrie is obligated to sell her encyclopedias to him. In the situation with Antonio, it looks like the making of a contract. Carrie presents an offer to sell Antonio her encyclopedias. Antonio does not initially accept her offer; he basically says he will think about accepting her offer. So the first element of contract has partially been made. An offer is presented, but there is no acceptance. Had Antonio established consideration for the offer, like possibly offering a deposit for her to hold the encyclopedias and promise not to sell them before he has had time to think about it, then there would be a breach of contract. Antonio, plain and simple, did not accept the contract and did not offer any consideration for the offer. There is no breach of contract because no contract ever existed. Although there is no legal obligation for Carrie to sell her encyclopedias to Antonio, I would say there is a moral one. I think in this situation, it would have been morally correct for Carrie to contact Antonio and let him know she had another interested buyer and he needed to make a decision at that time, not the next day. He should have the first option to buy the books since he was offered them first, from a moral standpoint. References Miller, L. Roger. , Jentz, A. Gaylord (2008). Fundamentals of Business Law. Cengage Learning: Ohio. How to cite Ls311 Unit 4, Essay examples

Denis Johnsons The Civil War in Hell On Liberia Essay Example For Students

Denis Johnsons The Civil War in Hell: On Liberia Essay Civil war Hell Where is Liberia? Does anyone out there care? 00hnson, 16). In The Civil War in Hell Denis Johnson tells us about a civil war in the West-African country Liberia, reveals the truth about how cruel and ruthless people can be during the war and how people of the same country savagely kill its remaining inhabitants harrowed by cholera, warring and hunger. Pilling their bodies on the street -as many as two hundred one night. A gutted landscape of unrelieved starvation, where the dwindling group robs and loots and burns Oohnson, 2). The Author shows how the pursuit of aterial enrichment, the seizure of power, and unbridled greed that guide the authorities of the country, led to disastrous results taking away the lives of thousands of innocent people and even worse, the omission and apathy of the U. S in termination of bloodshed. In the interview held with Taylor, he was surrounded by a band of child-orphans bearing guns, prove that they are ready to take drastic action. Boys from Gio and Mano tribes armed with AK-47s and M-16s -had dedicated themselves to separating out and killing anyone from Krahn or Mandingo Oohnson, 8) . There are many discussions on whether the U. S. hould have become more involved in the Liberian civil war, and how much assistance the U. S. should provide to Liberia. There are three major reasons why the U. S had moral responsibilities to intervene in Liberias civil war, instead of Britain or France. If we look back in history, Liberia and America have shared history and democratic ideas. They were freed American slaves returning to the continent of their origins Oohnson, 5)lt will be remembered that the interest of the United States in the Republic of Liberia springs from the foundation of the Republic as a colony for former African American slaves, o it is possible to say that Liberia was founded under the patronage of the U. S government. As most Liberians see it, their history is wedded to Americas. Oohnson, 5)For the first 25 years of their existence, the ACS colony was guided by white agents from the United States. In an early negotiation with Liberia there was a previous agreement which states that the United States may be called on for advice or assistance according to this agreement and in the spirit of the moral relationship of the United States to Liberia. Monrovia, capital city of Liberia, was named in honor of James Monroe, Americas president at the time. Monrovia lies in ruins. Oohnson, 2). Its flag, the red, white with blue colors and its government structure are similar to that of the United States. Its constitution was written by an American professor and it is almost a replica of the famous US document. So in this view Liberia is like Americas step child. Liberians refer to the United States as Liberias motherland or its big brother, and spoke about the special place the United States has in the hearts of Liberians. Even more, they see Liberia as a 51ststate. So it would be aturally logical to assume that the establishment of Liberia as an independent state responsibility to prevent the massive destruction that took place in a country. Liberians do not want another coup like one in 1980,when Samuel K. Doe took over and executed the cabinet before TV cameras on the beach00hnson, 4). On the other hand, let us have a look at Americas attitude toward Liberia . The U. S has treated Liberia as an outsider to be tolerated by circumstances and treated Liberia just like any other country, and even worse indicated that the U. S has no interest in being associated with Liberia. Like the deserted child, Liberia wanted its parents love and protection. Liberia has always made herself available and willing to please America. For example, whenever it has been to Americas advantage, the US let the world know that Liberia was in her possession and under her protection. The U. S enjoys an almost mystical veneration in the region00hnson,5) But at a time when Liberia experienced some difficulties and a stroke of bad luck, her mother, the U. S usually left her. For example, after the Declaration of Independence, Britain recognized the newly independent country but America did not extend diplomatic ecognition to Liberia because U. S. leaders would not accept a black ambassador in Washington. Even among black congressmen they have few advocates Oohnson, 5) Secondly, The U. S should have intervened because they had shared economic and commercial interests which benefited both of them in the past. Theres a little bit of commerce, perhaps with the British and American embassies Oohnson,9) In the early years of independence, Liberia was getting financial support from The United States. The Liberian economy expanded from its original agriculture to the rubber industry nd exploitation of mineral resources. Bong Iron mining Company down. Liberian Nail factory. Liberi a received millions of dollars of foreign investment mainly from the U. S. , the greatest level of the U. S. aid to any African country on a per capita basis at the time which boosted Liberian economy greatly. Anyone taking business law EssayAfter becoming assured of power, Doe assassinated Tolbert, executed many of the Cabinet members, and imprisoned dozens of other government officials. Despite the violent way of Does coming to power, many people ccepted him as a right leader who could finally help to establish a democratic country and give equal rights to the entire population, and who would put an end to by supporting Doe, America could at least help to save Liberians life in gratitude for all that Liberia had done to please America in the past; the U. S should have put forth effort to terminate mass massacre. The only people capable of installing an interim government of reasonable types are the American Marines00hnson,4) But we see the U. S had done nothing and even worse, kept supporting Does increasingly corrupt and repressive government. Doe ruled in a way generally agreed to have been both stupid and cruel. Another example was when Doe was captured, Johnson kept asking What did you do with Liberian people money. What did you do to economic00hnson, 1 5). Also, banning political opposition and shutting down newspapers where violations of human rights were frequent which at the end led the country to tribal conflicts, tribal division and discrimination of the Mano and Gio tribal group. People got so mad at the Krahn group, in the interview Johnson says nobodys out of revenge, but Kahn, the presidents tribe, have to be pursued00hnson,12) . Eventually, Does tribal-based regime went on to perpetrate horrific crimes of genocide and terror, leading toa bloody civil war. A dozen half-naked Liberian men now stood in a line with their hands bound behind them00hnson, 7) Doe was finally captured and awaited the same merciless fate that he had impressed upon Tolbert; he was brutally murdered at the hands of rebel leader Prince Johnson who says l cut off his ears and made him eat them00hnson, 12) Prince Johnson did not have any regrets about doing so, he even seems to enjoy watching, over and over, the recorded oment of execution and humiliation l have a videotape of this interrogation. Would you like to see it? 00hnson, 12) . Instead of closing its eyes to cruelty and inhumanity, American government should have done more to save innocent lives, who waited eagerly for its mothers help. They do not know why Americans making them wait00hnson, 4). Finally, The U. S. government and many of its most prominent politicians became responsible for the establishment of the nation known as Liberia. In the decades since, the United States has, by turns, welcomed, assisted, exploited, nd deserted Liberia and Liberians which displays a complex relationship over time. Given the numerous historical and cultural facts, economic and political ties between Liberia and America show that the establishment of small America in Africa places a moral duty on America to Liberia. Analyzing all of these factors, we see the attitude of Liberia toward her mother, the U. S. , and given reasons shows us why America should have intervened at the beginning of the war and, having not done so, should now at least be providing greater assistance to help promote a democratic ystem and stop the abuse of human rights. A good example of that are Syria, Afghanistan, Haiti, Bosnia, and Kosovo in which the U. S. had minimal ties and yet offered significant postwar reconstruction aid. By not proving needed aid at the right time, the U. S. inactions and omissions have led to disastrous results for Liberians where people were shot, beheaded, drowned in the Mano River and set on fire with fuel oil. Liberians expect and wait for their mother to come and help. They cannot understand why Americans wont send in troops, or call for an interim government, or ffer to host peace talks00hnson,5). f America could intervene and provide military and humanitarian assistance, all of this slaughter and killing could be stopped with minimum loss. This example clearly shows that people were indeed merciless and men slaughtered a young woman and drank her blood and ate her heart. The raping and slaughter of this conflict were no more awful than those of other civil war00hnson, 8) America should remember that it is impossi ble to hide and reject long history, and remember its friends in good times as well as bad times. Thats real friendship.

Nanotechnology Immortality Or Total Annihilation Essays

Nanotechnology: Immortality or total annihilation? Curtis Shephard Nanotechnology: Immortality or total annihilation? Technology has evolved from ideals once seen as unbelievable to common everyday instruments. Computers that used to occupy an entire room are now the size of notebooks. The human race has always pushed for technological advances working at the most efficient level, perhaps, the molecular level. The developments and progress in artificial intelligence and molecular technology have spawned a new form of technology; Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology could give the human race eternal life, or it could cause total annihilation. The idea of nanotech was conceived by a man named K. Eric Drexler (Stix 94), which he defines as "Technology based on the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules to build structures to complex atomic specifications (Drexler, "Engines" 288)." The technology which Drexler speaks of will be undoubtedly small, in fact, nano- structures will only measure 100 nanometers, or a billionth of a meter (Stix 94). Being as small as they are, nanostructures require fine particles that can only be seen with the STM, or Scanning Tunneling Microscope (Dowie 4). Moreover the STM allows the scientists to not only see things at the molecular level, but it can pick up and move atoms as well (Port 128). Unfortunately the one device that is giving nanoscientists something to work with is also one of the many obstacles restricting the development of nanotech. The STM has been regarded as too big to ever produce nanotech structures (Port 128). Other scientists have stated that the manipulation of atoms, which nanotech relies on, ignores atomic reality. Atoms simply don't fit together in ways which nanotech intends to use them (Garfinkel 105). The problems plaguing the progress of nanotech has raised many questions among the scientific community concerning it's validity. The moving of atoms, the gathering of information, the restrictions of the STM, all restrict nanotech progress. And until these questions are answered, nanotech is regarded as silly (Stix 98). But the nanotech optimists are still out there. They contend that the progress made by a team at IBM who was able to write letters and draw pictures atom by atom actually began the birth of nanotech (Darling 49). These same people answer the scientific questions by replying that a breakthrough is not needed, rather the science gained must be applied (DuCharme 33). In fact, Drexler argues that the machines exist, trends are simply working on building better ones ("Unbounding" 24). Drexler continues by stating that the machines he spoke about in "Engines of Creation" published in 1986 should be developed early in the 21st century ("Unbounding" 116). However many scientists still argue that because nanotech has produced absolutely nothing physical, it should be regarded as science fiction (Garfinkel 111). Secondly, nano-doubters rely on scientific fact to condemn nanotech. For example it is argued that we are very far away from ever seeing nanotech due to the fact that when atoms get warm they have a tendency to bounce around. As a result the bouncing atoms collide with other materials and mess up the entire structure (Davidson A1). Taken in hand with the movement of electron charges, many regard nanotech as impossible (Garfinkel 106). But this is not the entirety of the obstacles confining nanotech development. One major set-back is the fact that the nanostructures are too small to reflect light in a visible way, making them practically invisible (Garfinkel 104). Nevertheless, Nanotech engineers remain hopeful and argue that; "With adequate funding, researchers will soon be able to custom build simple molecules that can store and process information and manipulate or fabricate other molecules, including more of themselves. This may occur before the turn of the century."(Roland 30) There are other developments also, that are pushing nanotech in the right direction for as Lipkin pointed out recent developments have lead to possibilities of computers thinking in 3-D (5). Which is a big step towards the processing of information that nanotech requires. Although there are still unanswered questions from some of the scientific community, researchers believe that they are moving forward and will one day be able to produce nanomachines. One such machine is regarded as a replicator. A replicator, as it's name implies, will replicate; much like the way in which genes are able to

Discuss Various Theories of Management Essays

Discuss Various Theories of Management Essays Discuss Various Theories of Management Essay Discuss Various Theories of Management Essay pupils explore the risk of dying unexpectedly from various causes. They start from fears they know and, by comparing them with real-life data, they recognise that their perception of risk is often driven by presentations in the media. Pupils learn how to calculate the risks involved for various activities and how these are related to the base risk of death for typical people of different ages and genders. The emphasis is on order-ofmagnitude comparisons, reflecting the variations in risk level between individuals and over time. Pupils work with real data; they deduce information about small probabilities and use measures of average and spread in real life. They also work with orders of magnitude. They learn that mathematical thinking is essential for putting risks in perspective and that the media usually focus on stories rather than on information. In or out ? Pupils consider the evidence from a photograph about whether a batsman in cricket is ‘in’ or ‘out’. The original case arose from a controversial decision by an umpire in an Ashes test match (between England and Australia) in the 1960s. Pupils use mathematics to examine the photograph to assess whether the batman was ‘in’ or ‘out’. Initially, pupils construct a simple mathematical model of the situation by deciding what variables they need to measure and what assumptions they need to make. Using this evidence, they decide for themselves whether the batsman was ‘in’ or ‘out’. As the work develops, pupils explore these measurements and assumptions in detail, allowing them to refine their initial decisions and to understand that, sometimes, there is no single right answer! Pupils revisit their models, test their assumptions and apply their model to other situations. The mathematical skills and thinking that are required emerge gradually during ‘In or Out? ’ Keeping the pizza hot Keeping the pizza hot involves building a mathematical model in the context of homedelivery pizza. Pizza home-delivery is dependent on being able to deliver pizzas quickly, in an edible condition. In Keeping the pizza hot, pupils explore ways to keep a pizza warmer for longer and the implications of doing so. Pupils are asked to help answer the questions: how long does it take a pizza to cool, how far can it travel in that time and what difference does the packaging make? Keeping the pizza hot has a number of parts which include leading pupils to move from a practical problem of a cooling pizza to a mathematical representation of a cooling curve. This is a big step and is intended to induct pupils into the potential of mathematical applications. It demonstrates how mathematics can underpin scientific enquiry. The linking of the time to cool with possible distances of travel introduces further mathematics. Although not essential, this project would work well as a cross-curricular project with the science department. r4 Â © 2008 Bowland Charitable Trust of 9 My music My music uses the interest pupils have in music as an opportunity for mathematical investigations, using pupils own favourite music tracks as the raw data. Pupils work in small groups to listen to different tracks, take measurements and then interpret and present the results. They analyse the similarities and differences between types of track, looking first at tempo and then other variabl es such as track length, highest position or number of weeks in the charts, and album sales; they can also investigate trends in music over the years. My music can work as an introduction to statistical work, including: the collection of numerical data, performing basic statistical calculations, forming and testing hypotheses, making inferences about a population, and identifying potential sources of error in data collection and calculations. Although not essential, this project would work well as a crosscurricular project with the music department. Mystery tours Mystery Tours is a cartoon-based role play. Pupils take the part of the Tour Manager of a struggling tour operator; they are asked to plan a fictitious three day trip around the UK using tools and data in the software. They then lead a ‘simulation’ of the tour and write an evaluation report. There are three groups of tourists, categorised as ‘Nature Lovers’, ‘Thrill Seekers’ and ‘Culture Vultures’; data is available about the preferences of each group. Pupils work together in small groups, or individually, to create a successful trip. In the first stages of the exercise, the most important skills are working with data such as timetables and percentages. Other areas of mathematics are brought in when the trip begins. The tourists are quite demanding, and it is up to the pupils to keep them happy by solving any problems that may arise, presented algebraically or geometrically. Outbreak Outbreak is centred on an outbreak of a fatal virus. Pupils play the role of a scientist trying to contain the spread of the disease. Pupils have to develop a strategy which will help find the infected people, create an antidote and plan a vaccination programme to minimise the further spread of the virus. Pupils work with different experts to help with the challenges. Completing an activity in any one of the ‘bunker areas’, unlocks a code which can then be used in the Map Room to reflect the progress that individuals or groups have made. This provides the opportunity either for the whole class to work through different activities at the same time, or for independent progression. It also promotes group work discussion and real world interaction. PointZero PointZero is an adventure-driven puzzle game based around the central themes of survival, escape and the quest to uncover the truth. Pupils assume the role of three lead characters who have awoken trapped in strange and varying locations in an unfamiliar urban environment, following an undisclosed event. They are encouraged to use their mathematical skills to overcome problems so that each character can gain access to the ‘PointZero’ Building. Examples of activities include exploring complicated number sequences to scale a high rise building, using loci to find the way out of a complex underground network and reproducing geometrical patterns to deactivate a museum security system. PointZero encourages pupils to reflect on how numbers, algebra and geometry influence our daily lives, albeit in ways which may not be immediately apparent. r4 Â © 2008 Bowland Charitable Trust 7 of 9 Product wars Pupils are asked to create a new range of ‘smoothie’ drinks. They use proportional reasoning to analyse the nutritional value and geometry to design the packaging. In Product wars, pupils play the role of being part of a drinks company and work with other employees to research and design the ultimate range of ‘smoothie’ drinks. The Managing Director of the company, Brad King, asks pupils to carry out market research, develop mixes or some ‘smoothies’ and then design and create the packaging. Video is used at key points in the lessons to provide support and guidance. Activities include: using enquiry-based learning to collect and analyse information from peers in developing the product; using ratio and proportion, percentages and a spr eadsheet to mix the ingredients in different quantities to obtain the right nutritional value and taste for the target sector; and identifying suitable packaging designs. Pupils receive feedback via texts from members of the product team and video messages from Brad King himself. Reducing road accidents Pupils imagine that they live in a small town where, over the past year, there has been a large number of road accidents. The town council has set up an enquiry to see what could be done to improve the situation and has allocated ? 100,000 to spend on reducing the number of deaths and serious injuries. In Reducing road accidents, pupils choose from a wide range of possible initiatives, for example, to build new road crossings or roundabouts, to install traffic lights or to design publicity campaigns for specific groups of people. Pupils work in small teams to plan the most effective way to allocate the money. To support this work, the police have provided data on all the road accidents. Pupils use a specially constructed computer program to analyse this data and build a convincing case for their proposal. Save a baby kangaroo Save a baby kangaroo is an authentic context in which the pupils find a young orphaned kangaroo just twelve centimetres long and weighing sixty grams. Different species of kangaroo have different nutrient needs at different stages of their growth. Through video clips, photographs and data such as birth to adult weights, pupils become familiar with a range of data about the different species of kangaroo. They then use the data to identify which kangaroo they have found and develop a feeding programme to save the life of their own ‘Joey’ in a simulation. Finally they communicate what they have learned in order to help someone else save a Joey by making a poster for a Vet clinic. The mathematical content of Save a baby kangaroo includes creating alternative representations of data and communicating statistical information. Speed cameras Speed cameras are a continuing source of controversy, and even the experts are divided on their effectiveness. This is partly because the random nature of accidents makes it difficult to draw valid conclusions, which opens up possibilities for accidental or deliberate misrepresentation of data. Speed cameras uses video and newspaper resources to motivate discussion with and among pupils; this is combined with the use of spreadsheets to model the random occurrence of accidents over a year. Pupils realise that lower probabilities do not invariably lead to fewer accidents, and that the occurrence of more accidents in one year is not necessarily evidence of a higher probability. They learn that random variation can obscure r4 Â © 2008 Bowland Charitable Trust 8 of 9 underlying probabilities. These are difficult but fundamental concepts for pupils to understand, and the combination of ICT and continual referral to a real situation helps to bring them alive. The emphasis is on pupils interpreting and extrapolating from data and using data to support their arguments – and to examine the arguments of others. Sundials Sundials introduces pupils to the idea of using the sun to tell the time, applying a range of mathematical skills to understand some of the theory and to construct at least one sundial for themselves. A video about sundials provides the context, including footage explaining the history of sundials and how they work. An interview with Harriet James, a gnomonist (someone who makes sundials) shows how maths is essential to the construction of sundials. The classroom work is differentiated into three tiers. Depending on the route followed, Sundials uses symmetry and the drawing of angles, nets, origami, circle work and comparing data. Each route includes reading information from graphs and calculating time. Sundials invites pupils to reach out to the clockwork of the heavens! Water availability Pupils take the role of administrators for an international aid agency charged with providing water resources to countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Pupils examine ways to compare the availability of water fairly between the countries and then determine which country is most in need. In Water availability, pupils review documents that describe the importance of water in the region and assemble relevant data. Pupils come to recognise that a key aspect of data handling is to determine which data it is appropriate to use to answer a particular question. In Water availability, the analysis requires the creation of compound measures, such as per capita measures of water availability, which links to the maths of proportionality. Pupils realise that compound measures are important to enable fair comparisons to be made between countries of various sizes. You reckon? The media (and political speeches) are full of claims about how long things will take, how much things will cost and how tricky problems can be solved. People need to be able to judge if such claims are reasonable. You reckon? develops pupils ability to make estimates about unusual quantities based on only limited information, by posing interesting questions such as Is it possible to provide 20% of the diesel used for road transport in the UK by growing crops on ‘set aside’ land? . You reckon? develops mathematical thinking and requires pupils to communicate their solutions. Pupils see that the problems they are asked to solve are the same problems faced by aid agencies, governments, and salesmen! You reckon? helps pupils to recognise the power of even simple mathematics (together with smart thinking) when making decisions about important topics. r4 Â © 2008 Bowland Charitable Trust 9 of 9